The gut-bone connection: is your gut health affecting your bones?

We delve into the link between the gut microbiome and long-term bone health.
woman making heart shape around her belly with her hands

What is the gut microbiome?

The gut microbiome is a vast and diverse community of trillions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms living in your digestive tract. Far from being harmful, many of these microbes are essential for keeping you healthy. They help digest food, regulate the immune system, synthesise vitamins and even influence your mood and brain function.

In recent years, research has uncovered another important job these microbes are involved in: regulating bone health.

What is the gut microbiome?

The gut microbiome is a vast and diverse community of trillions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms living in your digestive tract. Far from being harmful, many of these microbes are essential for keeping you healthy. They help digest food, regulate the immune system, synthesise vitamins and even influence your mood and brain function.

In recent years, research has uncovered another important job these microbes are involved in: regulating bone health.

The gut-bone axis

Scientists refer to the communication between the gut and the bones as the gut-bone axis. Here’s how it works:

Nutrient absorption

A healthy microbiome supports the digestion and absorption of key nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D – all vital for bone formation and strength. If your gut isn’t absorbing these properly, your bones might not be getting what they need to stay strong.

Inflammation control

An imbalanced gut microbiome can trigger chronic low-grade inflammation in the body1. Inflammatory markers called cytokines can disrupt the activity of bone-building cells (osteoblasts) and increase the activity of bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts), leading to bone loss over time2.

Hormonal influence

The gut microbiome plays a role in regulating hormones like oestrogen3, which has a direct impact on bone density.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

When good gut bacteria ferment dietary fibre, they produce SCFAs like butyrate, which help to reduce inflammation and promote the formation of new bone by influencing the activity of osteoblasts4.

female digestive anatomy with full body

The gut-bone axis

Scientists refer to the communication between the gut and the bones as the gut-bone axis. Here’s how it works:

Nutrient absorption

A healthy microbiome supports the digestion and absorption of key nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D – all vital for bone formation and strength. If your gut isn’t absorbing these properly, your bones might not be getting what they need to stay strong.

Inflammation control

An imbalanced gut microbiome can trigger chronic low-grade inflammation in the body1. Inflammatory markers called cytokines can disrupt the activity of bone-building cells (osteoblasts) and increase the activity of bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts), leading to bone loss over time2.

Hormonal influence

The gut microbiome plays a role in regulating hormones like oestrogen3, which has a direct impact on bone density.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

When good gut bacteria ferment dietary fibre, they produce SCFAs like butyrate, which help to reduce inflammation and promote the formation of new bone by influencing the activity of osteoblasts4.

female digestive anatomy with full body
high fibre foods

How to support your gut - and your bones

Here are a few science-backed tips to take care of your gut for better bone health:

Eat more fibre: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes – fibre feeds beneficial gut bacteria.

Include fermented foods: Yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, and kombucha are rich in healthy bacteria.

Limit processed foods and added sugars: These can harm your microbiome and increase inflammation.

Consider a probiotic: Especially strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which have been studied for bone health benefits.

Stay active: Regular exercise helps regulate both gut health and bone strength.

high fibre foods

How to support your gut - and your bones

Here are a few science-backed tips to take care of your gut for better bone health:

Eat more fibre: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes – fibre feeds beneficial gut bacteria.

Include fermented foods: Yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, and kombucha are rich in healthy bacteria.

Limit processed foods and added sugars: These can harm your microbiome and increase inflammation.

Consider a probiotic: Especially strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which have been studied for bone health benefits.

Stay active: Regular exercise helps regulate both gut health and bone strength.

By nourishing your microbiome, you’re not just aiding digestion – you’re building a stronger foundation for your entire body. Targeting gut health may therefore be a promising avenue to explore for those with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

By nourishing your microbiome, you’re not just aiding digestion – you’re building a stronger foundation for your entire body. Targeting gut health may therefore be a promising avenue to explore for those with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

References

  1. Zhao M et al. (2023) Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 164, 114985.
  2. Amarasekara DS, Yu J, Rho J. (2015) Bone Loss Triggered by the Cytokine Network in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res. 832127.
  3. Baker JM, Al-Nakkash L, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. (2017). Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications. Maturitas. 103:45-53.
  4. Lucas, S., Omata, Y., Hofmann, J. et al. (2018) Short-chain fatty acids regulate systemic bone mass and protect from pathological bone loss. Nat Commun 9, 55.

 

References

  1. Zhao M et al. (2023) Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 164, 114985.
  2. Amarasekara DS, Yu J, Rho J. (2015) Bone Loss Triggered by the Cytokine Network in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res. 832127.
  3. Baker JM, Al-Nakkash L, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. (2017). Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications. Maturitas. 103:45-53.
  4. Lucas, S., Omata, Y., Hofmann, J. et al. (2018) Short-chain fatty acids regulate systemic bone mass and protect from pathological bone loss. Nat Commun 9, 55.