
Autoimmune disease – a condition that occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy cells.
Bone mineral density/bone density/bone mass – the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. There is a statistical association between low bone density and higher probability of fracture.
Bone remodelling cycle – a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed (by resorption) and new bone tissue is formed.
Contraindications – a specific situation in which particularly medical treatment should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
Cortisol – a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Commonly known as the ‘stress hormone’, its main role is to regulate the stress response.
DEXA scan – Dual-X-ray Absorptiometry; a type of X-ray that measures bone mineral density.
Differentiation – the process by which cells, tissue and organs change to acquire specialised features, such as a mesenchymal stem cell into an osteoblast.
Endocrine – relating to glands which secrete hormones into the blood.
Femoral neck – section of bone that connects the femoral shaft with the femoral head, the point at which the femur slots into the pelvis via the acetabulum (hip socket) to create the hip joint. The junctional location of the femoral neck makes it prone to fracture.
G-force output – the acceleration (change in motion) caused by the force of gravity.
Gastrointestinal – relating to the stomach and intestines.
HRT – Hormone Replacement Therapy; a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with menopause.
High-intensity vibration – a type of vibration used by fitness machines in the gym, with significant g-force output. High-intensity vibration carries a high potential risk, and has many contraindications.

Autoimmune disease – a condition that occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy cells.
Bone mineral density/bone density/bone mass – the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. There is a statistical association between low bone density and higher probability of fracture.
Bone remodelling cycle – a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed (by resorption) and new bone tissue is formed.
Contraindications – a specific situation in which particularly medical treatment should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
Cortisol – a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Commonly known as the ‘stress hormone’, its main role is to regulate the stress response.
DEXA scan – Dual-X-ray Absorptiometry; a type of X-ray that measures bone mineral density.
Differentiation – the process by which cells, tissue and organs change to acquire specialised features, such as a mesenchymal stem cell into an osteoblast.
Endocrine – relating to glands which secrete hormones into the blood.
Femoral neck – section of bone that connects the femoral shaft with the femoral head, the point at which the femur slots into the pelvis via the acetabulum (hip socket) to create the hip joint. The junctional location of the femoral neck makes it prone to fracture.
G-force output – the acceleration (change in motion) caused by the force of gravity.
Gastrointestinal – relating to the stomach and intestines.
HRT – Hormone Replacement Therapy; a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with menopause.
High-intensity vibration – a type of vibration used by fitness machines in the gym, with significant g-force output. High-intensity vibration carries a high potential risk, and has many contraindications.
Hyperthyroidism – an overactive thyroid, so that the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones.
Hypogonadism – decreased functional activity of the gonads – ovaries and testes – so that release of sex hormones is compromised.
Hypothalamus – a structure deep in your brain that acts as your body’s coordination centre; its main function is to maintain homeostasis via the release of hormones.
Immunological – relating to the immune system and its response to infections or toxins.
Low-intensity Vibration therapy – a safe and natural method for combatting osteoporosis and osteopenia. Learn more here.
Lumbar spine – the largest section of spine, spanning the rib cage to the pelvis, comprising five vertebrae.
Lymphatic flow – movement of lymph through the body.
Lymphatic system – a network of vessels and lymph nodes that are crucial for immune function. They help transport lymph, a fluid containing immune cells, and acts as a filtration system for pathogens and foreign particles.
Marodyne LiV – our patented Low-intensity Vibration device, which is medically certified to support the improvement of bone density and combat osteoporosis and osteopenia.
Mechanical stimulation/mechanical stress – the application of stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration or sound onto cells/living beings.
Mechanosensitivity – the specific response to mechanical stimulation; a measure of the ability to change mechanical stimulation into a physiological response.
Menopause – the stage of life (typically between the ages of 45 and 50) when menstruation ceases due to a drop in oestrogen production.
Mesenchymal stem cells – stem cells capable of differentiating into a number of different cell types including bone cells, fat cells, muscle cells and cartilage cells.
Metabolic – relating to the metabolism of a living organism.

Hyperthyroidism – an overactive thyroid, so that the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones.
Hypogonadism – decreased functional activity of the gonads – ovaries and testes – so that release of sex hormones is compromised.
Hypothalamus – a structure deep in your brain that acts as your body’s coordination centre; its main function is to maintain homeostasis via the release of hormones.
Immunological – relating to the immune system and its response to infections or toxins.
Low-intensity Vibration therapy – a safe and natural method for combatting osteoporosis and osteopenia. Learn more here.
Lumbar spine – the largest section of spine, spanning the rib cage to the pelvis, comprising five vertebrae.
Lymphatic flow – movement of lymph through the body.
Lymphatic system – a network of vessels and lymph nodes that are crucial for immune function. They help transport lymph, a fluid containing immune cells, and acts as a filtration system for pathogens and foreign particles.
Marodyne LiV – our patented Low-intensity Vibration device, which is medically certified to support the improvement of bone density and combat osteoporosis and osteopenia.
Mechanical stimulation/mechanical stress – the application of stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration or sound onto cells/living beings.
Mechanosensitivity – the specific response to mechanical stimulation; a measure of the ability to change mechanical stimulation into a physiological response.
Menopause – the stage of life (typically between the ages of 45 and 50) when menstruation ceases due to a drop in oestrogen production.
Mesenchymal stem cells – stem cells capable of differentiating into a number of different cell types including bone cells, fat cells, muscle cells and cartilage cells.
Metabolic – relating to the metabolism of a living organism.


Metabolism – relating to the chemical processes within the body required for life.
Musculoskeletal – relating to the muscles and skeleton together.
Non-invasive – relating to any medical treatment that does not cut the skin or enter the body.
Oestrogen – the primary female sex hormone, which also plays a critical role in bone health. Oestrogen is responsible for maintenance of bone density throughout life.
Ossification – the process of laying down new bone material by osteoblasts; synonymous with bone tissue formation.
Osteoarthritis – a type of degenerative joint disease resulting from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.
Osteoblast – cells that form new bone.
Osteoclast – cells that break down bone.
Osteopenia – a medical condition in which your bone mineral density is lower than the average person, but not low enough to be classed as osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis – a skeletal disorder characterised by low mass and deteriorating bone tissue, leading to increased fracture risk.
Parathyroid hormone – a hormone released by the parathyroid glands in your neck to regulate levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in your blood.
Peak bone mass – the greatest amount of bone an individual can achieve. Most people will reach their peak bone mass between the ages of 25 and 30
Pelvis – basin-shaped complex of bones that connects the abdomen to the legs. It also provides balance and support to the upper body.
Perimenopause – the time leading up to your periods stopping and the start of the menopause. It usually occurs in your late 40s and lasts around four years.

Metabolism – relating to the chemical processes within the body required for life.
Musculoskeletal – relating to the muscles and skeleton together.
Non-invasive – relating to any medical treatment that does not cut the skin or enter the body.
Oestrogen – the primary female sex hormone, which also plays a critical role in bone health. Oestrogen is responsible for maintenance of bone density throughout life.
Ossification – the process of laying down new bone material by osteoblasts; synonymous with bone tissue formation.
Osteoarthritis – a type of degenerative joint disease resulting from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.
Osteoblast – cells that form new bone.
Osteoclast – cells that break down bone.
Osteopenia – a medical condition in which your bone mineral density is lower than the average person, but not low enough to be classed as osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis – a skeletal disorder characterised by low mass and deteriorating bone tissue, leading to increased fracture risk.
Parathyroid hormone – a hormone released by the parathyroid glands in your neck to regulate levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in your blood.
Peak bone mass – the greatest amount of bone an individual can achieve. Most people will reach their peak bone mass between the ages of 25 and 30
Pelvis – basin-shaped complex of bones that connects the abdomen to the legs. It also provides balance and support to the upper body.
Perimenopause – the time leading up to your periods stopping and the start of the menopause. It usually occurs in your late 40s and lasts around four years.
Physiological – relating to the normal functions of living organisms and parts of their body.
Postmenopause – the time after menopause, when menstruation has not occurred for 12 consecutive months.
Pro-inflammatory cytokine – a signalling molecule produced by immune cells to stimulate inflammation.
Progesterone – a sex hormone that plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It works alongside oestrogen to stimulate bone growth.
REMS – Radiofrequency Echographic Multi Spectrometry; a type of bone scan that uses ultrasound to measure bone density.
Resorption – absorption of cells or tissue into the circulatory system; in this case, the absorption of bone by osteoclasts.
Risk factor – a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection e.g. if you smoke, you are more likely to develop osteoporosis, therefore smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Silent disease – a disease that does not have any apparent symptoms.
T-score – A measurement of your bone density calculated by taking the difference between your bone density and the average bone density of a healthy young adult. The lower your T-score, the lower your bone density.
Testosterone – the primary male sex hormone; plays an important role in maintaining healthy muscles and bones.
Vertebral – relating to the vertebrae – a series of small bones compromising the back bone, of which the spinal cord passes through.
Weight-bearing exercise – any activity that involves carrying your body weight on your feet and legs while working against gravity. This can include high-impact exercises like running, jumping, and dancing, or low-impact exercises like walking or using stair-step machines.
Z-score – similar to T-scores, but adjusted to be compared to someone of your age and sex.

Physiological – relating to the normal functions of living organisms and parts of their body.
Postmenopause – the time after menopause, when menstruation has not occurred for 12 consecutive months.
Pro-inflammatory cytokine – a signalling molecule produced by immune cells to stimulate inflammation.
Progesterone – a sex hormone that plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It works alongside oestrogen to stimulate bone growth.
REMS – Radiofrequency Echographic Multi Spectrometry; a type of bone scan that uses ultrasound to measure bone density.
Resorption – absorption of cells or tissue into the circulatory system; in this case, the absorption of bone by osteoclasts.
Risk factor – a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection e.g. if you smoke, you are more likely to develop osteoporosis, therefore smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Silent disease – a disease that does not have any apparent symptoms.
T-score – A measurement of your bone density calculated by taking the difference between your bone density and the average bone density of a healthy young adult. The lower your T-score, the lower your bone density.
Testosterone – the primary male sex hormone; plays an important role in maintaining healthy muscles and bones.
Vertebral – relating to the vertebrae – a series of small bones compromising the back bone, of which the spinal cord passes through.
Weight-bearing exercise – any activity that involves carrying your body weight on your feet and legs while working against gravity. This can include high-impact exercises like running, jumping, and dancing, or low-impact exercises like walking or using stair-step machines.
Z-score – similar to T-scores, but adjusted to be compared to someone of your age and sex.

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