All about B vitamins

Your complete guide to B vitamins: functions, benefits, and food sources.
vitamin B9

B vitamins are a family of eight essential nutrients that work together to keep your body energised, your brain sharp and your cells healthy. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, B vitamins are water-soluble, meaning your body doesn’t store large amounts, so you need to replenish them regularly through your diet. Here’s a quick guide to each one, what it does and where to get it.

B vitamins are a family of eight essential nutrients that work together to keep your body energised, your brain sharp and your cells healthy. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, B vitamins are water-soluble, meaning your body doesn’t store large amounts, so you need to replenish them regularly through your diet. Here’s a quick guide to each one, what it does and where to get it.

Vitamin B1 – Thiamine

Function: 

  • Converts carbohydrates into glucose (your body’s main fuel)
  • Supports healthy nerve signalling and muscle contraction
  • Plays a role in proper heart function

 

Good sources of thiamin include peas, nuts, wholegrain breads and liver (but you should avoid liver if you are pregnant). 

Deficiency can lead to beriberi or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, especially in people with chronic alcohol use1

 

Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin

Function:

  • Necessary for chemical reactions in energy production
  • Supports healthy vision and skin
  • Helps metabolise fats, drugs and steroids

 

Good sources of riboflavin include milk, eggs, fortified breakfast cereals, mushrooms and plain yogurt. 

Deficiency may cause cracked lips, a sore throat or skin inflammation.

Vitamin B1 – Thiamine

Function: 

  • Converts carbohydrates into glucose (your body’s main fuel)
  • Supports healthy nerve signalling and muscle contraction
  • Plays a role in proper heart function

 

Good sources of thiamin include peas, nuts, wholegrain breads and liver (but you should avoid liver if you are pregnant). 

Deficiency can lead to beriberi or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, especially in people with chronic alcohol use1

 

Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin

Function:

  • Necessary for chemical reactions in energy production
  • Supports healthy vision and skin
  • Helps metabolise fats, drugs and steroids

 

Good sources of riboflavin include milk, eggs, fortified breakfast cereals, mushrooms and plain yogurt. 

Deficiency may cause cracked lips, a sore throat or skin inflammation.

variety of whole grains high in vitamin B

Vitamin B3 – Niacin 

Function:

  • Essential for making molecules that drive cellular metabolism
  • Supports healthy cholesterol levels
  • Promotes digestive system function

 

There are 2 forms of niacin: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Both are found in food. Good sources of niacin include meat, fish, whole grains and eggs. 

 

Vitamin B5 – Pantothenic Acid

Function:

  • Crucial for fatty acid metabolism
  • Helps to produce hormones (like cortisol) and neurotransmitters
  • Supports wound healing

 

Pantothenic acid is found in varying amounts in almost all vegetables, wholegrain foods and meats.

Deficiency is rare but may cause fatigue, irritability or digestive issues. 

variety of whole grains high in vitamin B

Vitamin B3 – Niacin 

Function:

  • Essential for making molecules that drive cellular metabolism
  • Supports healthy cholesterol levels
  • Promotes digestive system function

 

There are 2 forms of niacin: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Both are found in food. Good sources of niacin include meat, fish, whole grains and eggs. 

 

Vitamin B5 – Pantothenic Acid

Function:

  • Crucial for fatty acid metabolism
  • Helps to produce hormones (like cortisol) and neurotransmitters
  • Supports wound healing

 

Pantothenic acid is found in varying amounts in almost all vegetables, wholegrain foods and meats.

Deficiency is rare but may cause fatigue, irritability or digestive issues. 

Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine

Function:

  • Involved in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter production (serotonin, dopamine, GABA)
  • Important for haemoglobin production and immune function
  • Plays a role in regulating homocysteine levels (linked to heart health)

 

Pyridoxine is found in a wide variety of foods, including poultry, salmon, chickpeas, peanuts, oats, bananas, milk and some fortified cereals. 

Deficiency may lead to depression, confusion or anaemia. When taking supplements, it’s important not to take too much. Taking an excess amount of vitamin B6 (more than 200mg) can lead to nerve damage2.

 

Vitamin B7 – Biotin

Function:

  • Acts as a coenzyme for enzymes involved in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
  • Often associated with healthy hair, skin, and nails
  • Supports gene regulation and cell signalling

 

Your gut bacteria are able to make biotin, and it’s not fully known if you need additional biotin from your diet. Even so, biotin is found in a wide range of foods, including egg yolks, nuts, seeds and fish. 

Deficiency is rare but may lead to brittle nails, thinning hair or skin rashes3.

3d rendering of gut microbiome

Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine

Function:

  • Involved in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter production (serotonin, dopamine, GABA)
  • Important for haemoglobin production and immune function
  • Plays a role in regulating homocysteine levels (linked to heart health)

 

Pyridoxine is found in a wide variety of foods, including poultry, salmon, chickpeas, peanuts, oats, bananas, milk and some fortified cereals. 

Deficiency may lead to depression, confusion or anaemia. When taking supplements, it’s important not to take too much. Taking an excess amount of vitamin B6 (more than 200mg) can lead to nerve damage2.

 

Vitamin B7 – Biotin

Function:

  • Acts as a coenzyme for enzymes involved in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
  • Often associated with healthy hair, skin, and nails
  • Supports gene regulation and cell signalling

 

Your gut bacteria are able to make biotin, and it’s not fully known if you need additional biotin from your diet. Even so, biotin is found in a wide range of foods, including egg yolks, nuts, seeds and fish. 

Deficiency is rare but may lead to brittle nails, thinning hair or skin rashes3.

3d rendering of gut microbiome
person holding supplement in their hand

Vitamin B9 – Folate/Folic Acid

Function:

  • Crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis and cell division
  • Especially important in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida
  • Supports heart health

 

Good sources of folate include broccoli, sprouts, leafy green vegetables, chickpeas, kidney beans and fortified breakfast cereals. 

If you’re pregnant, trying for a baby, or could get pregnant, it’s recommended that you take a 400 microgram folic acid supplement daily until you’re 12 weeks pregnant4.

 

Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin

Function:

  • Essential for red blood cell production and nervous system health
  • Works with vitamin folate in DNA synthesis
  • Supports energy metabolism and brain function

 

Good sources of vitamin B12 include meat, fish, milk, cheese and eggs. For vegans, B12 is often added to plant-based milks, but they should also consider a B12 supplement. 

Deficiency can cause pernicious anaemia, nerve damage, fatigue and memory problems. 

person holding supplement in their hand

Vitamin B9 – Folate/Folic Acid

Function:

  • Crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis and cell division
  • Especially important in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida
  • Supports heart health

 

Good sources of folate include broccoli, sprouts, leafy green vegetables, chickpeas, kidney beans and fortified breakfast cereals. 

If you’re pregnant, trying for a baby, or could get pregnant, it’s recommended that you take a 400 microgram folic acid supplement daily until you’re 12 weeks pregnant4.

 

Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin

Function:

  • Essential for red blood cell production and nervous system health
  • Works with vitamin folate in DNA synthesis
  • Supports energy metabolism and brain function

 

Good sources of vitamin B12 include meat, fish, milk, cheese and eggs. For vegans, B12 is often added to plant-based milks, but they should also consider a B12 supplement. 

Deficiency can cause pernicious anaemia, nerve damage, fatigue and memory problems. 

Each B vitamin has its own role, but together they’re a powerhouse for energy, brain health and cell repair. Eating a varied diet rich in whole foods – vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes and proteins – will usually cover your needs. If you’re pregnant, vegan or have certain medical conditions, supplements may be beneficial – but always consider checking with a healthcare provider before starting supplementation.

Each B vitamin has its own role, but together they’re a powerhouse for energy, brain health and cell repair. Eating a varied diet rich in whole foods – vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes and proteins – will usually cover your needs. If you’re pregnant, vegan or have certain medical conditions, supplements may be beneficial – but always consider checking with a healthcare provider before starting supplementation.

References

  1. Wiley KD, Gupta M. (2023). Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing.
  2. Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2022). Health supplements containing vitamin B6 can cause peripheral neuropathy. [online] www.tga.gov.au/safety/about-market-actions/product-alert-market-actions/health-supplements-containing-vitamin-b6-can-cause-peripheral-neuropathy 
  3. Cervantes A, Soos MP. (2023) Biotin Deficiency. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, StatPearls Publishing
  4. NHS (2023). Vitamins, supplements and nutrition in pregnancy. [online] www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/vitamins-supplements-and-nutrition/

References

  1. Wiley KD, Gupta M. (2023). Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing.
  2. Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2022). Health supplements containing vitamin B6 can cause peripheral neuropathy. [online] www.tga.gov.au/safety/about-market-actions/product-alert-market-actions/health-supplements-containing-vitamin-b6-can-cause-peripheral-neuropathy 
  3. Cervantes A, Soos MP. (2023) Biotin Deficiency. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, StatPearls Publishing
  4. NHS (2023). Vitamins, supplements and nutrition in pregnancy. [online] www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/vitamins-supplements-and-nutrition/

Price Update Notice

To continue delivering the high level of quality and service our customers expect, it has become necessary to make a small price adjustment.

From £2,800* to £3,000 ex VAT with delivery included, this change reflects:

  • Significant increases in delivery and freight charges
  • Rising global shipping costs
  • Recent operational cost increases

We’ve absorbed these rising costs for as long as possible, and this small adjustment ensures we can continue to provide a reliable product and excellent support.

Thank you for your understanding and continued trust in us.

*Currently does not include shipping